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Earthworms - engineers with important role for forest ecosystems
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value (String, 2559 characters ) <p>Earthworms play a major role in the conversi...
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<p>Earthworms play a major role in the conversion of organic matter into humus, thus improving soil fertility in many soils. In addition to dead organic matter, the earthworm also ingests any other small soil particles which make minerals and plant nutrients accessible for plants to use. The earthworm's burrowing creates a multitude of channels through the soil and is of great value in maintaining the <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=103" rel="skos:related">soil</a> structure, enabling processes of aeration and drainage. Therefore <strong>earthworms are ecosystems engineers which have an important role for forest ecosystems</strong>.<br /> <br /> Earthworms can be classified into <strong>three main ecophysiological categories</strong>:<br /> </p> <p>(1) <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=46" rel="skos:related">leaf-</a>, <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=140" rel="skos:related">litter-</a> or compost-dwelling worms (epigeic)</p> <p> </p> <p>(2) topsoil- or subsoil-dwelling worms (endogeics)</p> <p> </p> <p>(3) anecic worms that construct permanent deep burrows through which they visit the surface to obtain <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=45" rel="skos:related">plant</a> material for <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=77" rel="skos:related">food</a>, such as leaves.</p> <p> </p> <p><br /> As the diversity of tree communities can affect the structure and composition of belowground communities, also the decomposer communities can be influenced by tree species mixture. This will in turn influence nutrient turnover rates and lead to improved or reduced productivity rates. In a study in 25 representative forest stands in Flanders, Belgium, it was found that the dominant <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=24" rel="skos:related">tree species</a> is more important in determining the biological and chemical fertility of the stand than the soil texture and the climate. A global strategy integrating choice of tree species, rectifying nutrient inputs (liming, fertilizing) and earthworm introduction must be worked out to rehabilitate degraded loamy soils.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
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<p>Earthworms play a major role in the conversion of organic matter into humus, thus improving soil fertility in many soils. In addition to dead organic matter, the earthworm also ingests any other small soil particles which make minerals and plant nutrients accessible for plants to use. The earthworm's burrowing creates a multitude of channels through the soil and is of great value in maintaining the <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=103" rel="skos:related">soil</a> structure, enabling processes of aeration and drainage. Therefore <strong>earthworms are ecosystems engineers which have an important role for forest ecosystems</strong>.</p> <p>Earthworms can be classified into <strong>three main ecophysiological categories</strong>:<br /> </p> <p>(1) <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=46" rel="skos:related">leaf-</a>, <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=140" rel="skos:related">litter-</a> or compost-dwelling worms (epigeic)</p> <p> </p> <p>(2) topsoil- or subsoil-dwelling worms (endogeics)</p> <p> </p> <p>(3) anecic worms that construct permanent deep burrows through which they visit the surface to obtain <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=45" rel="skos:related">plant</a> material for <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=77" rel="skos:related">food</a>, such as leaves.</p> <p> </p> <p> As the diversity of tree communities can affect the structure and composition of belowground communities, also the decomposer communities can be influenced by tree species mixture. This will in turn influence nutrient turnover rates and lead to improved or reduced productivity rates. In a study in 25 representative forest stands in Flanders, Belgium, it was found that the dominant <a class="entity concept acknowledged" href="http://fundiveuropektp.boku.ac.at/tematres/vocab/?tema=24" rel="skos:related">tree species</a> is more important in determining the biological and chemical fertility of the stand than the soil texture and the climate. A global strategy integrating choice of tree species, rectifying nutrient inputs (liming, fertilizing) and earthworm introduction must be worked out to rehabilitate degraded loamy soils.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
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Soil biological activity is influenced by tree species composition
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Earthworms can cause different effects on the soil by their activity: increased nutrient availability, better drainage or a more stable soil structure. Factors that influence the spatial variability of earthworm populations in the forest soil remain largely unclear. Variability can be explained by biotic interactions within populations, abiotic soil heterogeneity or the aboveground tree species composition. Here it is hypothesized that the functional and structural diversity of tree communities can affect the structure and composition of belowground communities. As the decomposer communities can be influenced by tree species mixture, this will in turn influence nutrient turnover rates and lead to improved or reduced productivity rates.
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<p>Earthworms can cause different effects on the soil by their activity: increased nutrient availability, better drainage or a more stable soil structure. Factors that influence the spatial variability of earthworm populations in the forest soil remain largely unclear. Variability can be explained by biotic interactions within populations, abiotic soil heterogeneity or the aboveground tree species composition.<br /> Here it is hypothesized that the functional and structural diversity of tree communities can affect the structure and composition of belowground communities. As the decomposer communities can be influenced by tree species mixture, this will in turn influence nutrient turnover rates and lead to improved or reduced productivity rates.</p>
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Changes in the earthworm community of an acidophilous lowland beech forest during a stand rotation
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Changes in the earthworm community of an acidophilous lowland be
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The study examines humus profile development during a chronosequence consisting of four beech forest growth stages, and particularly the role of some components of soil fauna (lumbricid oligochaetes) on humus morphogenesis. An experimental site was set up in a lowland beech forest (Fougères state forest, eastern Brittany, France) to carry out a chronosequence analysis. This lowland beech forest is acidophilous, managed as an even-aged beech stand. The dominant tree species is beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Samples were taken twice a year, from autumn 1997 to spring 2000 inclusive. Earthworms were caught after watering with formalin solutions. Only five species were found: three epigeic (litter-dwellers): Dendrobaena octaedra, D. rubida tenuis, Eisenia eiseni; one epi-anecic (litter/soil-dweller): Lumbricus rubellus; one endogeic (soil-dweller): Allolobophora caliginosa. D. octaedra is dominant in the four plots at densities ranging from 41 ind·m-2 (88 % of total earthworm population) to 12.4 ind·m-2 (99 % of total). Species richness and abundance are low in accordance with a moder humus form typical of acid soil conditions. Results are discussed according to plot heterogeneity, stand age, seasonal variations and functional diversity. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS.
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Cited By (since 1996):11Export Date: 23 September 2013Source: ScopusReferences: Bernier, N., Altitudinal changes in humus form dynamics in a spruce forest at the montane level (1996) Plant Soil, 178, pp. 1-28;Bernier, N., Ponge, J.F., Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest (1994) Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, pp. 183-220; Callaham, M.A., Hendrix, P.F., Relative abundance and seasonal activity of earthworms (Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae) as determined by hand-sorting and formalin extraction in forest soils on the southern Appalachian Piedmont (1997) Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, pp. 317-321; Cuendet, G., A comparative study of the earthworm population of four different woodland types in Wytham woods, Oxford (1984) Pedobiologia, 26, pp. 421-439; Deleporte, S., Tillier, P., Long-term effects of mineral amendments on soil fauna and humus in an acid beech forest floor (1999) For. Ecol. Manag., 118, pp. 245-252; Haimi, J., Boucelham, M., Influence of a litter feeding earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, on soil processes in a simulated coniferous forest floor (1991) Pedobiologia, 35, pp. 247-256; Haimi, J., Einbork, M., Effects of endogeic earthworms on soil processes and growth in coniferous forest soil (1992) Biol. Fertil. Soils, 13, pp. 6-10; Huhta, V., Effects of liming and deciduous litter on earthworms (Lumbricidae) populations of a spruce forest, with an inoculation experiment on Allolobophora caliginosa (1979) Pedobiologia, 19, pp. 340-345; Judas, M., Schauermann, J., Meiwes, K.J., The inoculation of Lumbricus terrestris L. in an acidic spruce forest after liming and its influence on soil properties (1997) Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, pp. 677-679; McLean, M.A., Parkinson, D., Soil impacts of the epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra on organic matter and microbial activity in lodgepole pine forest (1997) Can. J. For. Res., 27, pp. 1907-1913; Muys, B., Granval, P., Earthworms as bio-indicators of forest site quality (1997) Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, pp. 323-328; Phillipson, J., Abel, R., Steel, J., Woodell, S.R.J., Earthworms numbers, biomass and respiratory metabolism in a beech woodland-Wytham Woods, Oxford (1978) Oecologia, 33, pp. 291-309; Ponge, J.F., Heterogeneity in soil animal communities and the development of humus forms (1999) Going Underground-Ecological Studies in Forest Soils, pp. 33-44. , Rastin N., Bauhus J. (Eds.), Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India; Robinson, C.H., Ineson, P., Piearce, T.G., Rowland, A.P., Nitrogen mobilization by earthworms in limed peat soils under Picea sitchensis (1992) J. Appl. Ecol., 29, pp. 226-237; Römbke, J., Population dynamics of earthworms in a moder soil beech forest (1987) On Earthworms, 2, pp. 199-214. , Bonvicini Pagliai A.M., Omodeo P. (Eds.), Mucchi, Modena; Rundgren, S., Earthworms and soil remediation: Liming of acidic coniferous forest soils in Southern Sweden (1994) Pedobiologia, 38, pp. 519-529; Schaefer, M., Schauermann, J., The soil fauna of beech forests: Comparison between a mull and a moder soil (1990) Pedobiologia, 34, pp. 299-314; Scheu, S., The role of substrate feeding earthworms (Lumbricidae) for bioturbation in a beechwood soil (1987) Oecologia, 72, pp. 192-196; Scheu, S., Effects of litter (beech and stinging nettle) and earthworms (Octolasion lacteum) on carbon and nutrient cycling in beech forests on a basalt-limestone gradient: A laboratory experiment (1997) Biol. Fertil. Soils, 24, pp. 384-393; Scohy, J.P., André, P., Lebrun, P., Influence des intensités d'éclaircies sur les populations de macroarthropodes et d'annélides dans les litières d'épicéa (1984) Pedobiologia, 26, pp. 179-184; Snider, R.M., Snider, R.J., ELF ecological monitoring in Michigan. 2. The earthworm communities of test and control sites (1988) Pedobiologia, 32, pp. 335-342; Staaf, H., Foliage litter turnover and earthworm populations in three beech forests of contrasting soil and vegetation types (1987) Oecologia, 72, pp. 58-64; Toutain, F., Diagne, A., Le Tacon, F., Possibilités de modification du type d'humus et d'amélioration de la fertilité des sols à moyen terme en hêtraie par apport d'éléments minéraux (1988) Rev. For. Fr., 40, pp. 99-107
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Effect of pure and multi-species beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands on soil characteristics and earthworms in two northern German forests
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The effect of mixed beech forests versus pure beech forests on soil parameters and earthworms was investigated in two forests (Hevenbruch and Schattin) of northern Germany differing in their nutrient supply. Within a total of 45 stands, including 23 pure and 22 mixed beech stands, the following parameters were determined: soil pH and organic matter in two soil layers, litter thickness, earthworm density, earthworm ash-free biomass, and species richness. Mixed beech stands had higher pH values, lower litter thickness, and higher earthworm biomass in both forests. With increasing beech dominance soil pH is decreasing and litter thickness is increasing. Earthworm biomass was positively correlated with soil pH and negatively with increasing dominance of beech. In particular, endogeic earthworm density was negatively correlated with increasing dominance of beech. Earthworm biomass and density of endogeic earthworms were negatively correlated with litter thickness. We interpret the results as an effect of higher acidification and lesser digestibility of litter in pure beech stands in comparison with mixed beech stands. Pure beech stands decrease the alkalinity of soils and decelerate the litter decomposition in forests via the decline of the endogeic earthworm population. This process mainly occurs in a pH range between 3.0 and 3.8. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS.
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Cited By (since 1996):1Export Date: 23 September 2013Source: ScopusReferences: Aaltonen, V.T., (1948) Boden und Wald, , Paul Parey, Berlin;Rehfuess, K., (1981) Waldböden. Entwicklung, Eigenschaften und Nutzung, , Parey, Hamburg, Berlin; Schaefer, M., Temperate deciduous forests (1991) The animal community: diversity and resources, pp. 51-120. , Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, E. Röhrig, B. Ulrich (Eds.); Wardle, D.A., Communities and ecosystems: Linking aboveground and belowground components (2002) Monographs in population biology 34, , Princeton University Press, Princeton; Beese, F., Parameter des Stickstoffumsatzes in ökosystemen mit Böden unterschiedlicher Acidität (1986) Göttinger Bodenkundliche Berichte, 90. , 1-344; Elling, W., Heber, U., Polle, A., Beese, F., (2007) Schädigung von Waldökosystemen. Auswirkungen anthropogener Umweltänderungen und Schutzmaßnahmen, , Elsevier, München; Wittich, W., Der Einfluss der Baumart auf den Bodenzustand (1961) Allg. Forst Z., 16 (JAHRGANG NR. 2), pp. 41-45; Jansen, M., Chodak, M., Saborowski, J., Beese, F., Erfassung von Humusmengen und -qualitäten in organischen Auflagen in Rein- und Mischbeständen von Buchen und Fichten unterschiedlichen Alters (2005) Allg. Forst- u. Jagd Ztg., 176, pp. 176-186; Reich, P.B., Oleksyn, J., Modrzynski, J., Mrozinski, P., Hobbie, S.E., Eissenstat, D.M., Chorover, J., Tjoelker, M.G., Linking litter calcium, earthworms and soil properties: a common garden test with 14 tree species (2005) Ecol. Lett., 8, pp. 811-818; Scheu, S., Poser, G., The soil macrofauna (Diplopoda, Isopoda, Lumbricidae and Chilopoda) near tree trunks in a beechwood on limestone: indications for stemflow induced changes in community structure (1996) Appl. Soil Ecol., 3, pp. 115-125; Cesarz, S., Fahrenholz, N., Migge-Kleian, S., Platner, C., Schaefer, M., Earthworm communities in relation to tree diversity in a deciduous forest (2007) Eur. J. Soil Biol., 43, pp. 61-67; Fichtner, A., (2009) Einfluss der Bewirtschaftungsintensität auf die Wachstumsdynamik von Waldmeister-Buchenwäldern (Galio odorati-Fagetum), 66. , Mitteilungen der AG Geobotanik in Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg, 1-154; Sims, R.W., Gerard, B.M., (1985) Earthworms. Keys and Notes for the Identification and Study of the Species, , Linnean Scociety of London, London; StatSoft, I., (2004) STATISTICA für Windows [Software-System für Datenanalyse] Version 6, , http://www.statsoft.com; J-Salamon, A., Alphei, J., The Collembola community of a Central European forest: influence of tree species composition (2009) Eur. J. Soil Biol., 45, pp. 199-206; Kaneko, N., Sugawara, Y., Miyamoto, T., Hasegawa, M., Hiura, T., Oribatid mite community structure and tree species diversity: a link? (2005) Pedobiologia, 49, pp. 521-528; Sylvain, Z.A., Buddle, C., Effects of forest stand type on oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) assemblages in a southwestern Quebec forest (2010) Pedobiologia, 53, pp. 321-325; Zhang, P., Tian, X., He, X., Song, F., Ren, L., Jiang, P., Effect of litter quality on its decomposition in broadleaf and coniferous forest (2008) Eur. J. Soil Biol., 44, pp. 392-399; Staaf, H., Foliage litter turnover and earthworm populations in three beech forests of contrasting soil and vegetation types (1987) Oecologia, 72, pp. 58-64; Irmler, U., Die standörtlichen Bedingungen der Regenwürmer (Lumbricidae) in chleswig-Holstein. Faun.-ökol (1999) Mitt, 7, pp. 509-518; Campana, C., Gauvin, S., Ponge, J.-F., Influence of ground cover on earthworm communities in an unmanaged beech forest: linear gradient studies (2002) Eur. J. Soil Biol., 38, pp. 213-224; Potthoff, M., Asche, N., Stein, B., Muhs, A., Beese, F., Earthworm communities in temperate beech wood forest soils affected by liming (2008) Eur. J. Soil Biol., 44, pp. 247-254; Judas, M., The development of earthworm populations for following manipulation of the canopy leaf litter in a beechwood on limestone (1990) Pedobiologia, 34, pp. 239-246; Deleporte, S., Changes in the earthworm community of an acidophilous lowland beech forest during a stand rotation (2001) Eur. J. Soil Biol., 37, pp. 1-7; Nachtergale, L., Ghekiere, K., Schrijver, A.D., Muys, B., Luyssaert, S., Lust, N., Earthworm biomass and species diversity in windthrow sites of a temperate lowland forest (2002) Pedobiologia, 46, pp. 440-451; Aubert, M., Hedde, M., Decaëns, T., Bureau, F., Margerie, P., Alard, D., Effects of tree canopy composition on earthworms and other macro-invertebrates in beech forests of Upper Normandy (France) (2003) Pedobiologia, 47, pp. 904-912; Daniel, O., Leaf-litter consumption and assimilation by juveniles of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Ologochaeta, Lumbricidae) under different environmental conditions (1991) Biol. Fertil. Soils, 12, pp. 202-208; Bernier, N., Earthworm feeding activity and development of the humus profile (1998) Biol. Fertil. Soils, 26, pp. 215-223; Schulmann, O.P., Tiunov, A.T., Leaf litter fragmentation by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (1999) Pedobiologia, 43, pp. 453-458; Scheu, S., The role of substrate feeding earthworms (Lumbricidae) for bioturbation in a beechwood soil (1987) Oecologia, 72, pp. 192-196; Ponge, J.-F., Patzel, N., Delhaye, L., Devigne, E., Levieux, C., Beros, P., Wittebroodt, R., Interactions between earthworms, litter and trees in an old-growth beech forest (1999) Biol. Fertil. Soils, 29, pp. 360-370; Scheu, S., The influence of earthworms (Lumbricidae) on the nitrogen dynamics in the soil litter system of a deciduous forest (1987) Oecologia, 72, pp. 197-201
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In 25 representative forest stands in Flanders, Belgium, an inventory was made of earthworm activity, litter decomposition and nutrient status. It was found that the dominant tree species is more important in determining the biological and chemical fertility of the stand than the soil texture and the climate. It was clear, however, that neither changing tree species nor liming were wholly successful in activating degraded soils. A global strategy integrating choice of tree species, rectifying nutrient inputs (liming, fertilizing) and earthworm introduction must be worked out to rehabilitate degraded loamy soils. In sandy soils, litter accumulation should not to be considered as unfavourable but as a conservation strategy. © 1992.
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Medium-term evaluation of a forest soil restoration trial combining tree species change, fertilisation and earthworm introduction
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Mediumterm evaluation of a forest soil restoration trial combini
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A mixed stand of red oak (Quercus rubra) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica) on a compacted and acidified sandy loam soil was harvested and reforested with ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in 1992. The ecosystem restoration trial in this newly established ash plantation included 180 trees and was set up in a block design with 4 blocks, 3 experimental groups per block and 15 trees per experimental group. Experimental groups were: (1) application of P, K, Ca and Mg fertiliser to the planting pit; (2) combined application of fertiliser and earthworms to the planting pit; and (3) a control without additional restoration measures. Fertiliser application consisted of 500 g dolomite, 100 g Thomas slags and 100 g kieserite; earthworm introduction consisted of 40 individuals, being 20 anecics (Lumbricus terrestris L. and Nicodrilus longus Ude) and 20 endogeics (Aporrectodea caliginosa Sav., Aporrectodea rosea Sav. and Allolobophora limicola Michaelsen). Tree growth was monitored annually. The control trees failed to grow and died after two years. Excellent growth was found for treated trees, and treatment-related growth patterns were observed: fertilised trees grew faster than fertilised trees with earthworms during the first two years, with the trend reversed from year 4 onwards. Although this trend suggested that introduced earthworms provided a more sustained response to fertiliser, this was not conclusively confirmed by an evaluation of 24 trees 10 years after planting (based on nutrient concentration in above-ground biomass and soil, litter biomass, earthworm biomass, and aggregate stability of organic particles in the soil); although statistically significant differences were found between treated and untreated plots, differences between fertilised plots with and without earthworms were not significant. Endogeic earthworms recolonised most fertilised plots, with or without earthworm introduction. Anecic earthworms did not colonize any plots. Although our findings suggest that earthworm introduction might contribute to a sustained fertiliser response in ash trees, more experiments are needed to demonstrate the precise role of earthworm introduction as part of integrated forest soil restoration.
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Cited By (since 1996):9Export Date: 23 September 2013Source: ScopusReferences: Alban, D.H., Effects of nutrient accumulation by Aspen, Spruce and Pine on soil properties (1982) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46, pp. 853-861;NEN 5750 (1989) Determination of PH in Soil Samples, 4p. , Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut; NEN 5738 (1996) Determination of the Effective Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Basic Cations in Soil, 8p. , Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut; Bernier, N., Ponge, J.F., Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest (1994) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, pp. 183-220; Boettcher, S.E., Kalisz, P.J., Single-tree influence on earthworms in forest soils in eastern Kentucky (1991) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, pp. 862-865; Bouché, M.B., Aliaga, R., Contre une degradation physique et chimique des sols et pour leur optimisation économique, l'échantillonage des lombriciens: Une urgente nécessité (1986) La Défense des Végétaux, 242, pp. 30-36; Brun, J.J., Cluzeau, D., Trehen, P., Bouché, M.B., Biostimulation: Perspectives et limites de l'amélioration biologique des sols par stimulation ou introduction d'espèces lombriciennes (1987) Revue D'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 34, pp. 685-701; De Schrijver, A., Van Hoydonck, G., Nachtergale, L., De Keersmaeker, L., Mussche, S., Lust, N., Comparison of nitrate leaching under silver birch (Betula pendula) and Corsican pine (Pinus nigra ssp. laricio) in Flanders (2000) Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 122, pp. 77-91; Deleporte, S., Tillier, P., Long-term effects of mineral amendments on soil fauna and humus in an acid beech forest floor (1999) Forest Ecology and Management, 118, pp. 245-252; Devliegher, W., Verstraete, W., The effect of Lumbricus terrestris on soil in relation to plant growth: Effects of nutrient-enrichment processes (NEP) and gut-associated processes (GAP) (1997) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, pp. 341-346; Haimi, J., Einbork, M., Effects of endogeic earthworms on soil processes and plant growth in coniferous forest soil (1992) Biology and Fertility of Soils, 13, pp. 6-10; Huettl, R.F., Zoettl, H.W., Liming as a mitigation tool in Germany's declining forests - Reviewing results from former and recent trials (1993) Forest Ecology and Management, 61, pp. 325-338; Huhta, V., Effects of liming and deciduous litter on earthworm (Lumbricidae) populations of a spruce forest, with an inoculation experiment on Allolobophora caliginosa (1979) Pedobiologia, 19, pp. 340-345; Judas, M., Schauermann, J., Meiwes, K.-J., The inoculation of Lumbricus terrestris L. in an acidic spruce forest after liming and its influence on soil properties (1997) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, pp. 677-679; Kalra, Y.P., Maynard, D.G., (1991) Methods Manual for Forest Soil and Plant Analysis, 116p. , Northern Forestry Centre Edmonton, Alberta; Lyer, H., Polster, H., Fiedler, H.J., (1967) Gehölzphysiologie, , 444 S. Fischer, Jena; MacCallaham Jr., A., Hendrix, P.F., Impact of earthworms (Diplocardia: Megascolecidae) on cycling and uptake of nitrogen in coastal plain forest soils from northwest Florida, USA (1998) Applied Soil Ecology, 9, pp. 233-239; Miller, R.M., Jastrow, J.D., Hierarchy of root and mycorrhizal fungal interactions with soil aggregation (1990) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, pp. 579-584; Muys, B., The influence of tree species on humus quality and nutrient availability on a regional scale (Flanders, Belgium) (1995) Nutrient Uptake and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems, pp. 649-660. , Nilsson, L. O., Hüttl, R. F., Johansson, U. T. (eds) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands; Muys, B., Granval, Ph., Can earthworms restore damaged forest soils? Possibilities, problems and prospects (1991) Proceedings of the FAO/ECE/ILO Seminar on Forest Site Conservation and Improvement for Sustained Yield, pp. 218-236. , München 26-30 June 1990; Muys, B., Granval, Ph., Earthworms as bio-indicators of forest site quality (1997) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, pp. 323-328; Muys, B., Lust, N., Inventory of the earthworm communities and the state of litter decomposition in the forests of Flanders, Belgium, and its implications for forest management (1992) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24, pp. 1677-1681; Neirynck, J., Mirtcheva, S., Sioen, G., Lust, N., Impact of Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. on earthworm biomass and physico-chemical properties of a loamy topsoil (2000) Forest Ecology and Management, 133, pp. 275-286; Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis, pp. 961-1010. , Sparks, D. L. (ed) Part 3 - Chemical methods. (SSSA Book Series, n° 5); Ovington, J.D., Studies of the development of woodland conditions under different trees. I. Soil pH (1953) Journal of Ecology, 41, pp. 13-34; Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R., (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis, , American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI; Peeters, J.P., Stuurman, F.J., Van Den Burg, J., (1983) Beplantingsproef Broekpolder - Rapport Nr. 6. Proefveld-resultaten over de Periode Najaar 1979 - Najaar 1982, en Een Evaluatie Van de Proefnemingen over de Periode 1969 T/m 1982, Met Beleidsaanbevelingen, , De Dorschkamp, Wageningen, report 333; Perala, D.A., Alban, D.H., Biomass, nutrient distribution and litterfall in Populus, Pinus and Picea stands on two different soils in Minnesota (1982) Plant and Soil, 64, pp. 177-192; Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Vejre, H., Effect of tree species and soil properties on nutrient immobilization in the forest floor (1995) Plant and Soil, 168-169, pp. 345-352; Robinson, C.H., Piearce, T.G., Ineson, P., Dickson, D.A., Nys, C., Earthworm communities of limed coniferous soils: Field observations and implications for forest management (1992) Forest Ecology and Management, 55, pp. 117-134; Ronse, A., De Temmerman, L., Guns, M., De Borger, R., Evolution of acidity, organic-matter content, and CEC in uncultivated soils of North Belgium during the past 25 years (1988) Soil Science, 146, pp. 453-460; Rundgren, S., Earthworms and soil remediation: Liming of acidic coniferous forest soils in Southern Sweden (1994) Pedobiologia, 38, pp. 519-529; Scheel, K.C., Colorimetric determination of phosphoric acid in fertilizers with the Pulfrich photometer (1936) Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 105, pp. 256-269; Sisselaar, D.J.A., (1991) Een Onderzoek Naar de Relaties Tussen Regenwormpopulaties en de Boomsoortensamen-stelling Längs Een Transect in Het Aelmoeseneiebos te Gontrode, , Diplom work, Laboratory for Forestry, University of Gent; Staaf, H., Berg, B., Accumulation and release of plant nutrients in decomposing Scots pine needle litter. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest II. Canadian (1982) Journal of Botany, 60, pp. 1561-1568; Syers, J.K., Springett, J.A., Earthworms and soil fertility (1984) Plant and Soil, 76, pp. 93-104; Tisdall, J.M., Oades, J.M., Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils (1982) Journal of Soil Science, 33, pp. 141-163; Toutain, F., Diagne, A., Le Tacon, F., Possibilités de modification du type d'humus et d'amélioration de la fertilité des sols à moyen terme en hêtraie par apport d'éléments minéraux (1988) Revue Forestière Française, 40, pp. 99-107; Ulrich, B., Natural and anthropogenic components of soil acidification (1986) Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 149, pp. 702-717; Van Den Burg, J., Toepassing van de bladanalyse bij jonge loofhoutopstanden in Nederland (1974) Nederlands Bosbouwtijdschrift, 46, pp. 225-243; Van Den Burg, J., Zure depositie en luchtverontreiniging - Hun betekenis voor het bös (1983) Nederlands Bosbouwtijdschrift, 55, pp. 371-379; Van Den Burg, J., (1985) Foliar Analysis for Determination of Tree Nutrient Status - A Compilation of Literature Data, , De Dorschkamp, Wageningen, report 414; White, R.E., Principles and practice of soil science (1999) The Soil As a Natural Resource. Third Edition, , Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford; Wittich, W., Die Grundlagen der Stickstoffernährung des Waldes und Möglichkeiten für ihre Verbesserung (1961) Der Stickstoff, Seine Bedeutung für Die Landwirtschaft und Die Ernährung der Welt, pp. 331-369. , Fachverband Stickstoffindustrie e.V., Düsseldorf
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Krumo version 0.2.1a
| http://krumo.sourceforge.net/home/fundiveuropektp/www/includes/menu.inc
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